What does "full spectrum" mean?

Full spectrum means that all naturally occurring compounds such as cannabinoids and terpenes are extracted in their raw form and proportion. CBD is just one of over 114 known cannabinoids, including THC, CBG, CBN and many more.

Full-spectrum extracts are preferable to other, more processed and isolated extracts because of the synergistic relationship of the many different compounds. This effect (called the entourage effect), described the way all those different pieces work together, boosting and supporting each other’s various therapeutic effects.

A study conducted by UNICAMP in Campinas, Brazil found that full spectrum, CBD-rich extracts are more beneficial to people and pets when compared to a CBD isolate. In fact, the study states:

“Adverse effects were more frequent in products containing purified CBD than in CBD-rich extracts. CBD-rich extracts seem to present a better therapeutic profile than purified CBD, at least in this population of patients with refractory epilepsy.”

Absorption rates and bioavailability

Research shows that CBD is effectively absorbed into the bloodstream through various means of administration.

A study conducted by the Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy at Hebrew University in Jerusalem, Israel concluded that: “CBD was observed to have a large volume of distribution [in dogs studied].”

In a study conducted by the Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy, dogs were found to have a substantial amount of receptors in their endocannabinoid system, specifically in the spine, which allows dogs to more effectively use CBD.

Gums, Ears, Trans-Dermal

A study by Canadian Journal Of Vetenairy Research conducted the pharmacokinetics of cannabidiol (CBD) in healthy dogs.  This study shows various rate of absorption for three methods of administration, as well as the corresponding half life for each method.

Cats vs. Dogs

In this study by University of Florida’s Veterinary College, they found that cats absorbed CBD much less readily than dogs. They ended up with around one fifth the blood concentration at a proportional dose.

Anxiety, stress, and sleep disorders

CBD is renowned for its anti-anxiolytic effects for both people and pets for good reason. A study published in Current Neuropharmacology states:

“CBD seems to be a promising drug for the treatment of various ‘panic disorders’.”

A 2013 article published in Neuropharmacology also found that:

“In addition to modulating basal anxiety states, recent studies suggest an important role for the endocannabinoid (eCB) and glucocorticoid systems in the modulation of emotional states and extinction of aversive memories in animals.”

This means that CBD can help in facilitating extinction of aversive memories which treats PTSD and anxiety or panic disorders in people and animals.

Research is also promising that CBD is a viable treatment option for sleep disorders in people and pets. A 2019 study published in the Permanente Journal found that CBD has a calming effect on the central nervous system and can improve the amount and depth of sleep in those suffering sleep disorders and CBD is better tolerated than other psychiatric medications.

A 1993 study published in the Journal of Psychopharmacology found that pain relief, reduction of anxiety, and reduction of inflammation were the most common reasons for the use of cannabis in dogs, and when tested in animal models, CBD was shown to have anxiolytic properties (Zuardi and Karniol 1993), as confirmed in a number of studies in humans.

Autoimmune disease

CBD also has immune-boosting properties because it acts as a regulator to bring the body back to homeostasis. In fact, CB2 receptors regulate many complex pathways of the immune system, and preclinical studies show that triggering CB2 receptors can suppress immune response, which can be beneficial for those suffering with autoimmune disease, according to this study. The same study also states:

“There has been some preclinical investigation focusing on the role of particular cannabinoids in AI disease models. CBD has been found to modulate the immune system instead of suppressing it. Cannabidiol also slows down T-cell production and suppresses immune system memory, meaning that CBD could cut down on the likelihood of future autoimmune attacks. CBD has also been found to increase the expression of genes that deal with oxidative stress, which may reduce cell damage from autoimmune attacks. “

Cancer and tumors

One of the primary uses of hemp extract is to treat cancer and tumors. Research conducted by A.B. Hancock Jr. Memorial Laboratory for Cancer Research, Departments of Biochemistry, Chemistry, and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt Ingram Comprehensive Cancer Center concluded that “The antiproliferative and apoptotic effects produced by some of these pharmacological probes [CBD] reveal that the endocannabinoid system is a promising new target for the development of novel chemotherapeutics to treat cancer.”

Another study published in 2018 found that CBD inhibits the growth of cancerous cells in mice with pancreatic and bladder cancer. Not only did CBD inhibit cancerous cell growth, but also proved to prevent future cancerous growths in the mice treated with CBD. The conclusion of this study noted that CBD could be a viable option to treat cancer in both humans and animals.

A study published by BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies in 2009 claimed that Frankincense oil (in our EASE Tinctures) might be an alternative for bladder cancer treatment. In this study, Frankincense oil was was investigated in human bladder cancer J82 cells and immortalized normal bladder urothelial UROtsa cells. Within a range of concentration, frankincense oil suppressed cell viability in bladder transitional carcinoma J82 cells but not in UROtsa cells.

A study published by IMIBIC in Spain states:

“Local administration of CB1 and CB2 agonists (similar to CBD and THC) induced growth inhibition of malignant skin tumors generated by intradermal inoculation of tumorigenic PDV.C57 mouse keratinocytes into nude mice. This growth inhibition was accompanied by enhanced intra-tumor apoptosis and impaired tumor vascularization “

One of the most astounding ways CBD and cannabis differs from traditional cancer therapies, is that it is selective about which cells it targets. When CBD works to eliminate cancer cells, it does not eliminate the good cells.
According to The National Cancer Institute:

“Cannabinoids appear to kill tumor cells but do not affect their non-transformed counterparts and may even protect them from cell death.”

Safety

CBD
In a study conducted by Colorado State University, 10 mg/kg/day or 20mg/kg/day was administered to dogs for 6 days. CBD was tolerated in the study population. There was an elevation in serum ALP in 36 percent of patients, and all other blood parameters were normal. Six of the 30 dogs had vomiting and all had mild diarrhea. 11 of 30 dogs experienced erythema of pinna and 10 of 30 dogs experienced nasal and ocular discharge. These effects were significantly safer than many side effects of prescription medications.

THC
THC is one of the foremost reasons cannabis has been such a taboo subject in the medical community. Even today after the therapeutic benefits have been well documented time and time again, discussions of its toxicity still take up most of the airtime. Here’s a study where researchers showed there is no possible lethal dose of THC in humans or dogs:
“Comparison of acute oral toxicity of cannabinoids in rats, dogs and monkeys.” – Mason Research Institute

CBD and THC 

Another study conducted by Canopy Animal Health, 20 healthy Beagle’s were tested to determine the safety and tolerance of escalating CBD, THC, or CBD and THC dosage in the dogs. 10 females, and 10 males, the dogs were given up to 10 escalating doses of oils in a three-day span. Overall, the dogs tolerated the escalation dosages very well only experiencing mild AEs. 

Cardiovascular effects

CBD specifically has been found to have direct effects on arteries, influencing vaso-relaxation, which is clinically observed as a mild hypotensive effect when CBD is administered. CBD has a protective effect against the vascular damage caused by hyperglycemia, as with type 2 diabetes, diabetic angiopathies, and systemic inflammatory processes. It is the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of CBD that mediate these benefits (Stanley et al. 2013).

CBD has been found to have anti-arrhythmic effects in an in vivo rat model of coronary artery occlusion which may not be mediated through the CB1 receptors found on myocardial cell membranes, but may have other non-receptor-mediated pathways that allow its control over cardiac rhythm (Hepburn et al. 2011).

Diabetes

At its core, diabetes is often caused by issues of inflammation, with which CBD can help. In fact, a recent study states:

“Oxidative stress and inflammation play critical roles in the development of diabetes and its complications… Studies provided compelling evidence that the newly discovered lipid signaling system (ie, the endocannabinoid system) may significantly influence reactive oxygen species production, inflammation, and subsequent tissue injury, in addition to its well-known metabolic effects and functions.”

Another recent study found that full spectrum hemp extract CBD actually lowered the instance of diabetes in non-obese diabetic mice. Another study found that full spectrum hemp extract CBD may also improve circulation and improve overall health in diabetic rats. These studies are promising that full spectrum hemp CBD can help treat diabetes in animals (and humans). Please note: although studies are promising, you should always speak to your veterinarian before changing a diabetic pet’s diet or insulin.

Nutrition and GI tract

Research published in Nutraceuticals in Veterinary Medicine titled “Cannabis in Veterinary Medicine: Cannabinoid Therapies for Animals” states that hemp oil is a significant source of proteins and essential fatty acids, including gamma-linolenic acid (GLA). Of note: the same study found that CBD interacts with the endocannabinoid system in dogs to treat cancer, improve sleep, prevent obesity and metabolic diseases, resolve anxiety and stress, treat inflammatory conditions, improve pulmonary and cardiac conditions, and acts as a neuro-protectant.

An 8-week project of THC rich cannabis produced significant clinical, steroid-free benefits to 10 to 11 patients with active Crohn’s disease as compared with placebo, without side effects (Naftali).

CANNABIS AND THE MICROBIOME

From “Cannabis Therapeutics and the Future of Neurology” Published in Inter Neurosis, 2018:

• THC alters microbiome balance and prevents obesity
  • CBD has both anti-inflammatory and bacteriostatic effects in the gut
  • CB2 levels correlate to Lactobacillus concentrations and negatively with potentially pathogenic Clostridium species.
  • Orally administer lactobacillus induces mRBA expression of the gene that encodes for CB2 receptors (CNR2)

Pain and inflammation

Research has consistently shown that CBD can help humans who suffer from osteoarthritis, but it is also a promising treatment for dogs suffering the same ailment.

Cornell University’s College of Veterinary Medicine recently conducted pharmacokinetics study on cannabinoids for dogs. This 8-month double-blind study was the first of its kind for Cornell and studied dogs suffering from osteoarthritis. Dogs in the study saw a significant decrease in pain and increase in activity, with no side effects. In fact, the study concluded the following:

“Pharmacokinetics revealed an elimination half-life of 4.2 h at both doses and no observable side effects. Clinically, canine brief pain inventory and Hudson activity scores showed a significant decrease in pain and increase in activity (p < 0.01) with CBD oil. Veterinary assessment showed decreased pain during CBD treatment (p < 0.02). No side effects were reported by owners… This pharmacokinetic and clinical study suggests that 2 mg/kg of CBD twice daily can help increase comfort and activity in dogs with OA.”

Another study titled “Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Clinical Efficacy of Cannabidiol Treatment in Osteoarthritic Dogs” found that 2 mg/kg of CBD twice daily can help increase comfort and activity in dogs with Osteoarthritis.

A study published in 2006 in Current Neuropharmacology also states that CBD has therapeutic benefits for both people and pets suffering from chronic pain and acute chronic pain episodes.

Compounds found in cannabis that reduce inflammation are abundant and diverse. The most abundant phytocannabinoids in cannabis, THC and CBD, both have strong anti-inflammatory properties, while CBC, CBG, and THCV have also demonstrated anti-inflammatory properties. Cannabinoids act as anti-inflammatory agents by inducing apoptosis, inhibiting of cell proliferation, suppressing cytokine production, and inducing T regulatory cells. Apoptotic mechanisms induced by cannabinoids in immune cells include activation of CD95 to induce Bcl-2 and caspase cascades in immune cells. Cannabinoids have also been demonstrated to promote the production of anti-inflammatory interleukins such as IL-10 while inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α in a CB1-dependent fashion (Klein et al. 2000).

Additionally, the University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine is currently conducting clinical trials to better understand the effects of cannabis on osteoarthritic dogs. The study will take 12 months and results are expected to be published in 2020.

Thyroid

This study, “Clinical Significance of Cannabinoid Receptors CB1 and CB2 Expression in Human Malignant and Benign Thyroid Lesions,” is published on NCBI. Looking at CBD and the Endocannabinoid System, they conclude “These results supported evidence that CB receptors and especially CB2 receptor may interfere with molecular pathways participating in thyroid malignant transformation and could be considered as potential therapeutic targets to suppress tumor progression.”

Seizures

In a 2017 double-blind study conducted by Colorado State University’s James L. Voss Veterinary Teaching Hospital, neurologist Stephanie McGrath assessed the short-term effect of CBD on seizure frequency in 16 dogs. Dogs in the trial were randomly assigned a placebo or a hemp-derived CBD treatment for 12 weeks. Nine dogs received CBD while seven were given a placebo. All of the dogs in the study suffered from seizures.

Through the study, McGrath found that 89 percent of dogs who received CBD in the clinical trial had a reduction in the frequency of seizures. Additionally, McGrath saw a significant association between the degree of seizure reduction and the amount of CBD concentration in the dog’s blood.

This was not the only study to find CBD to be a successful anti-epileptic supplement for pets. Yamazaki University of Animal Health Technology in Japan conducted a similar experiment wherein three dogs who suffered epileptic seizures were given hemp-derived CBD for eight weeks. Researchers found a decrease in seizure intervals in two of the three dogs studied. The dogs were given varying amounts of CBD, and the dog who received the lowest number of mg of active CBD showed little to no improvement, while the dog who was administered 1700 mg showed the highest level of improvement. Of note: the same study’s findings show that the dogs showed a decrease in barking even when other dogs nearby were excitable.

Another study done by ScienceDirect shows CBD has resulted in (like previously published data) being of potential therapeutic use (alone or as an adjunct) in the treatment of epilepsies or seizures.

Liver

While we still need more information about the specific ways CBD and cannabis effect the liver, it is presumed to be safe in the vast majority of cases.

In a recent study by the British Journal of Pharmacology entitled: “Cannabidiol improves brain and liver function in a fulminant hepatic failure-induced model of hepatic encephalopathy in mice”, they found that administering CBD to test subjects with acute liver disease actually resulted in repair to the damages tissue.

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